重铬酸钾胁迫对植物根尖细胞的损伤

研究了重铬酸钾对植物根尖细胞的损伤。实验结果表明，重铬酸钾可以抑制植物幼苗的生长，引起植物根尖细胞ＤＮＡ的损伤和导致细胞的超微结构发生改变，此外，过氧化物酶同工酶谱的带型经重铬酸诱导后也呈现很大变化。以上诸变化与处理的重铬酸钾浓度和处理的时间长短密切相关。     

小麦7D染色体数量性状基因定位和效应估计的研究

综合应用方差分析法、区间定位法和联合定位法将控制抽穗期、有效穗数、小穗数、５０粒重和单穗产量等５个性状的６个数量性状基因座（ＱＴＬ）定位在小麦７Ｄ染色体上。其中控制粒重的ＱＴＬ有２个。这些ＱＴＬ集中分布在着丝粒附近和染色体长臂的末端两个区域。效应估计结果表明多数ＱＴＬ的效应是微效的，控制同一个性状（粒重）的两个ＱＴＬ的效应几乎相等。比较３种ＱＴＬ定位法的分析结果，方差分析简单有效，且当染色体上只有     

Isolation of a Spontaneous Chromosome Translocation in Common Wheat

The genes Ms2 for male sterility and Rht10 for dominant dwarfing located on the short arm of chromosome 4D in common wheat arc closely linked. Male sterile, dwarf F₁ plants from the cross of male sterile‘Chinese Spring’× dwarf‘Ai-bian’were backcrossed with the variety‘Chinese Spring, From this offspring a spontaneous chromosome translocation was isolated resulting in a recombinant male sterile and dwarf genotype.     

Similarities and differences between Amaranthus species and cultivars and estimation of outcrossing rate on the basis of electrophoretic separations of urea-soluble seed proteins

Wheat-rye translocation line (2BS/2RL) has been developed for resistance to biotype L of Hessian fly and agronomically useful traits. AFLP analysis using 64 primer pairs was conducted in order to identify 2RL-specific polymorphisms between “Coker 797” (non-2RL), near-isogenic line (NIL) carrying 2RL, and “Hamlet”. Nine primer combinations identified twelve reproducible polymorphic fragments in the NIL carrying 2RL. These twelve fragments were cloned and sequenced with an aim towards converting AFLP markers into sequence tagged sites (STS). A comparison of the 12 sequences with non-redundant accessions in the NCBI database using the BLAST search option indicated that one fragment of approximately 200 bp in length (amplified using primer combination E+AAC / M+CTA) was highly homologous with the rye-specific repetitive sequence R173-1 and Wis-2-lA, a retrotransposon-like element in wheat. Two STS primers (SJ07 and SJ09) out of twelve STS primer sets enabled the detection of polymorphisms between Coker 797 and NIL carrying 2RL. In order to verify whether the polymorphism detected by primers SJ07 and SJ09 was in fact the result of the presence of 2RL, additional plant material was examined. Amplified products of about 260 bp fragment with the SJ07 primer set were generated in rye cvs.“Chilbohomil” and “Jochunhomil”, triticale experimental line Suwon 15, and wheat experimental line K-14 (1AL/1RS & 2BS/2RL), as well as NIL carrying 2RL and Hamlet, but not in Coker 797 (non-2RL), “Keumgangmil” (non-translocation wheat), KS92WGRC17 (PI592729 /;/ 6BS/6BL-6RL), KS92WGRC19 (P1592731 /;/ 4BS/4BL-6RL), “TAM200” (1AL/1RS), and “Siouxland” (1BL/1RS). Our data suggest that primer set SJ07 amplifies a “2RL-specific” fragment of diagnostic value. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氮肥对杂交小麦果聚糖积累与转运及其杂种优势的影响

氮肥影响作物的碳氮代谢及生长发育。选用６个杂交小麦及其7个亲本材料在施氮（200 kg /hm²）和不施氮（0 kg /hm²）条件下，比较研究了不同生育期不同器官果聚糖的积累与转运及其杂种优势。无论施氮与否茎鞘和总麦草中果聚糖的积累模式基本相似。茎鞘是贮存果聚糖的主要营养器官，分配了总麦草果聚糖积累量的63%～87%，并在开花期其积累量达最大值。总麦草转运的85%以上的果聚糖来源于茎鞘，其对籽粒产量的贡献率最大（9.42%~19.36%）。氮缺乏减少叶片中果聚糖的积累量，但增加茎鞘和总麦草中果聚糖的积累量。穗轴及颖壳、茎鞘和总麦草的果聚糖积累在挑旗期、抽穗期和开花期存在一定的杂种优势（4.7%~51.7%），叶片、茎鞘和总麦草的果聚糖转运量、转运率也具有较强的杂种优势，施氮增强叶片中果聚糖的转运优势，但减弱茎鞘和总麦草中的转运优势。结果说明，杂交品种比其亲本具有更强的果聚糖转运能力，施氮对茎鞘果聚糖的积累与转运及其杂种优势均有抑制作用。     

Die Nutzung der Antherenkulturmethode im Zuchtprozeß von Winterweizen

The use of anther culture in breeding winter wheat. II. Production of new doubled haploid lines of winter wheat with 1AL—1RS-translocation A total of 4472 anhers was cultured from 8 F¹ populations of winter wheat with the 1AL—1RS wheat-rye translocation cultivar ‘Amigo’ as one of the crossing arents. When averaged over all populations a frequency of embruoid formation of 10% and of regeneration efficiency of green plants of 1% were observed. In addition to the 45 green regenerated plants, 93 albinos were obtained. 44% of the green plantlets had 21 chromosome in root tips and 29% were spontaneous diploids. Multiple peroxidases were used a biochemical markers in the subsequent characterization of the homogeneous breeding material. The electrophoretic patterns showed that 16 doubled haploids without rye chromosome segments were produced. In addition the features of dh₀- plants showed, that several of the new 1AL—1RS-translocation lines were awnless.     

大麦幼胚培养再生植株及其后代的细胞遗传学研究

从5个普通大麦品种的幼胚培养中均得到体细胞再分化植株。对214棵再生植株进行了细胞学检查,发现四倍体5株,占总数的2.3%;相互易位杂合体1株,占总数的0.46%。四倍体植株虽然得到少数大而瘪的种子,但它们次年没有发芽;易位杂合体减数分裂时的染色体构型为5Ⅱ+1Ⅳ,属于两对非同源染色体间的简单易位。其余所有二倍体植株的细胞     

GA1,3,4,7酶联免疫检测法（ELISA）的建立

用碳二亚胺法将赤霉素Ａ４与卵清蛋白连接，形成ＧＡ４－ＯＶＡ复合物用于包板，利用ＧＡ４－Ｍｅ与ＧＡ４－０ＶＡ对兔抗ＧＡ４－ＰＡｂｓ竞争结合反应，建立了ＧＡ１，３，４，７间接酶闻免疫检测法。其灵敏度，检测范围和最小检测样品量分别为４５ｐｇ，０．２－２００ｎｇ和５０－５００ｍｇ，样品的平均回收率为９７％，批内和批间的变异系数分别为４．２％和４．８％。     

Effects of the 7DL.7Ag translocation from Lophopyrum elongatum on wheat yield and related morphophysiological traits under different environments

The 7DL.7Ag translocation from Lophopyrum elongatum that carries Lr19, a leaf rust resistance gene, was found to be associated with a significant increase in grain yield under irrigated, disease‐free conditions, but a generally lower yield under moisture stress conditions. These studies, however, involved a limited number of genetic recipients and environments, and the effect of the translocation on physiological traits was not considered. We examined the translocation effect in six different recipient genotypes and under five environmental conditions, including drought and heat stress. The increase in grain yield under irrigated conditions was associated with a higher rate of biomass production in the 7DL.7Ag lines and may be attributed to higher sink strength. Effect of the translocation on physiological traits was noted only under heat stress and was not associated with difference in yield. Under moisture stress conditions, 7DL.7Ag lines yielded less than their corresponding recipients, possibly because of a longer growing cycle. It is concluded that the effect of the 7DL. 7Ag translocation may very much depend on the phenological adaptation of the recipient genotype and the translocation may be useful for enhancing yield, mainly under favourable conditions.     

Further manipulation by centric misdivision of the 1RS.1BL translocation in wheat

Complete chromosomes 1R and 1B were reconstructed in wheat from the centric wheat-rye translocation 1RS.1BL. Three substitutions: 1R(1A), 1R(1B), 1R(1D), and three new centric translocations: 1RS.1AL, 1RS.1BL, 1RS.1DL were produced from the reconstructed chromosome 1R. Each one of these has the same rye chromosome arm 1RS which was present in the original translocation 1RS.1BL of ‘Kavkaz’ wheat. Reconstructed chromosome 1B and a normal chromosome 1R were used to produce a new 1RS.1BL translocation. This translocation has the long arm from the original 1RS.1BL translocation of ‘Kavkaz’, but a different 1RS arm. The third generation centric translocations were mitotically stable and were normally transmitted to progeny. Misdivision frequency of the reconstructed chromosomes 1R did not change relative to normal 1R, whereas the misdivision frequency of the two reconstructed chromosomes 1B tested was significantly higher relative to normal 1B. These experiments demonstrate that repeated cycles of centric breakage and fusion do not impair the function of centromeres in wheat and rye but may change chromosome's susceptibility to misdivision. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.